TOEFL

FADILAH LINTUHASENG

E02414102

BAB 1

INTRODUCTION

®    What Is Toefl?

            TOEFL is an exam required by most US and Canadian university to prove proficiency(especially international students coming from countries where English is not native language). It measures your listening, reading, speaking and writing skills to perform academic tasks in English. Many Universities in Europe and other countries also accept TOEFL (IELTS is popular outside USA). Popularity of TOEFL is growing.

®    Kinds Of Toefl

a.       Paper–based toefl

Everybody had to take this one until 1998, there are reading comprehension , listening comprehension , and grammar .

b.      Internet-based Test
Since its introduction in late 2005, the Internet-based Test (iBT) has progressively replaced both the computer-based (CBT) and paper-based (PBT) tests, although paper-based testing is still used in select areas. The iBT has been introduced in phases, with the United States, Canada, France, Germany, and Italy in 2005 and the rest of the world in 2006, with test centers added regularly. The CBT was discontinued in September 2006 and these scores are no longer valid.

c.       Computer based toefl

The maximum points you can get the score in toefl is 300 . The computer based toefl was introduced in 1998 , and then the toefl CBT has four sections ,there are grammar , listening , reading , and writing .

®    Objective Of Toefl

The test is usually administered to non- native speakers of English. The test is mandatory for admission purposed in different universities in USA, UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand but it is not limited to these countries alone. Even other European and Non – European countries have now made it mandatory for students to acquire a fairly good score in TOEFL to be eligible for admission. All the four aspects of language learning which are Speaking, Listening Reading, and Writing are assessed in the TOEFL Test and the candidate taking the test must demonstrate their competence in all the four section of the test.

®    Development Of Toefl

The test of english as a foreign language ( TOEFL) on beginning in the 1986-1987 testing year will include an essay test of students and comes to four section . There are reading sklills , speaking skills , listening skills , and the last is writing skills . TOEFL also witnessed three successive major formats there are  pBT, cBT, and iBT. Initiated by an American council on the testing of English as a foreign language in the early of 1962, TOEFL and its historical development can be viewed from two angles.

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A.    Structure And Content

Reading Skills

The Reading section consists of 3–5 passages, each approximately 700 words in length and questions about the passages. The passages are on academic topics; they are the kind of material that might be found in an undergraduate university textbook. Passages require understanding of rhetorical functions such as cause-effect, compare-contrast and argumentation. Students answer questions about main ideas, details, inferences, essential information, sentence insertion, vocabulary, rhetorical purpose and overall ideas. New types of questions in the iBT require filling out tables or completing summaries. Prior knowledge of the subject under discussion is not necessary to come to the correct answer.

Listening skills

The Listening section consists of 6 passages, 3–5 minutes in length and questions about the passages. These passages include 2 student conversations and 4 academic lectures or discussions. A conversation involves 2 speakers, a student and either a professor or a campus service provider. A lecture is a self-contained portion of an academic lecture, which may involve student participation and does not assume specialized background knowledge in the subject area. Each conversation and lecture stimulus is heard only once. Test takers may take notes while they listen and they may refer to their notes when they answer the questions. Each conversation is associated with 5 questions and each lecture with 6. The questions are meant to measure the ability to understand main ideas, important details, implications, relationships between ideas, organization of information, speaker purpose and speaker

Speaking skills

The Speaking section consists of 6 tasks, 2 independent tasks and 4 integrated tasks. In the 2 independent tasks, test takers answer opinion questions on familiar topics. They are evaluated on their ability to speak spontaneously and convey their ideas clearly and coherently. In 2 of the integrated tasks, test takers read a short passage, listen to an academic course lecture or a conversation about campus life and answer a question by combining appropriate information from the text and the talk. In the 2 remaining integrated tasks, test takers listen to an academic course lecture or a conversation about campus life and then respond to a question about what they heard. In the integrated tasks, test takers are evaluated on their ability to appropriately synthesize and effectively convey information from the reading and listening material. Test takers may take notes as they read and listen and may use their notes to help prepare their responses. Test takers are given a short preparation time before they have to begin speaking.

Writing skils

The Writing section measures a test taker's ability to write in an academic setting and consists of 2 tasks, 1 integrated task and 1 independent task. In the integrated task, test takers read a passage on an academic topic and then listen to a speaker discuss the same topic. The test taker will then write a summary about the important points in the listening passage and explain how these relate to the key points of the reading passage. In the independent task, test takers must write an essay that states, explains and supports their opinion on an issue, supporting their opinions or choices, rather than simply listing personal preferences or choices.

B.     ERROR ANALYSIS

Each question has one grammar mistake. Choose the underlined portion that has the mistake.

Questions :

1.      During wedding ceremonies in the United States guests are usually silence.

A.     During

B.     Ceremonies

C.     Guests

D.     Silence

2.      Supersonic transport such the Concorde will probably be widely accepted as soon as problems of noise and atmospheric pollution are resolved.

A.     Such

B.     Widely

C.     As soon

D.     Are

3.      Some religions have none deity but are philosophies that function instead of religions.

A.     Have

B.     None

C.     Are

D.     Instead of religions

4.      A vine climbs from one tree to another, continuing to grow and support itself even when the original supporting tree is not longer alive.

A.     To grow

B.     Itself

C.     Supporting

D.     Not longer

 

5.      Every candidate under considering for a federal job must undergo a thorough medical examination.

A.     Under b.

B.     Considering

C.     Undergo

D.     Medical

6.      Vaslov Nijinsky achieved world recognition as both a dancer as well as a choreographer.

A.     Achieved

B.     As

C.     A dancer

D.     As well as

7.      In a corporation the approval of a majority of stockholders may be required before a major decision can be done.

A.     Approval

B.     Required

C.     A major

D.     done

8.      A fiber-optic cable across the Pacific went into service in April 1989, link the United States and Japan.

A.     Across

B.     Went into

C.     In

D.     Link

9.      A good artist like a good engineer learns as much from their mistakes as from successes.

A.     Like

B.     As

C.     Their

D.     From

10.  Almost all life depends to chemical reactions with oxygen to produce energy.

A.     Almost all

B.     Depends to

C.     To produce

D.     Energy

11.  If a rash occurs within twenty-four hours after taking a new medication, the treatment should discontinued.

A.     Occurs

B.     After taking

C.     Medication

D.     Should discontinued

12.  When one experiences a change in diet by, for example, moving to a new location, you may also experience temporary problems with the digestive tract.

A.     Experiences

B.     Moving

C.     You

D.     experience

13.  The process of making Egyptian sun-dried mud brick are much the same today as it was in prehistoric times.

A.     Of making

B.     Are much

C.     As it

D.     Was

14.  The best way to eliminate a pest is to controlling the food accessible to it.

A.     The best

B.     The controlling

C.     Food accessible

D.     It

15.  The professor told him to write a short but it must be comprehensive paper about the experiment.

A.     Him

B.     It must be

C.     Comprehensive

D.     about

16.  Mumps are a very common disease which usually affects children.

A.     Are

B.     Common disease

C.     Which

D.     Usually

17.  The symptoms of diabetes in the early stages are too slight that people don't notice them.

A.     Symptoms

B.     The

C.     Too

D.     Them

18.  We know that in 1000 A.D. Leif Eriksson landed on the North American coast, and that him and his Norwegian companions were the first white men to see the New World.

A.     In 1000 A.D

B.     Him

C.     Were

D.     To see

19.  Hyde Park, the family estate of Franklin D. Roosevelt, sets on top of a bluff overlooking the Hudson River.

A.     Of Franklin d.Roosevelt

B.     Sets

C.     Overlooking

D.     The hudson river

20.  After he had ran for half a mile, he passed the stick to the next runner.

A.     Had run

B.     For

C.     Passed

D.     The next

Answers :

1.      During wedding ceremonies in the United States guests are usually silence.

A.     During

B.     Ceremonies

C.     Guests

D.     silence

2.      Supersonic transport such the Concorde will probably be widely accepted as soon as problems of noise and atmospheric pollution are resolved.

A.     Such

B.     Widely

C.     As soon

D.     Are

3.      Some religions have none deity but are philosophies that function instead of religions.

A.     Have

B.     None

C.     Are

D.     Instead of religions

4.      A vine climbs from one tree to another, continuing to grow and support itself even when the original supporting tree is not longer alive.

A.     To grow

B.     Itself

C.     Supporting

D.     Not longer

5.      Every candidate under considering for a federal job must undergo a thorough medical examination.

A.     Under

B.      Considering

C.     Undergo

D.     Medical

6.      Vaslov Nijinsky achieved world recognition as both a dancer as well as a choreographer.

A.     Achieved

B.     As

C.     A dancer

D.     As well as

7.      In a corporation the approval of a majority of stockholders may be required before a major decision can be done.

A.     Approval

B.     Required

C.     A major

D.     Done

8.      A fiber-optic cable across the Pacific went into service in April 1989, link the United States and Japan.

A.     Across

B.     Went into

C.     In

D.     link

9.      A good artist like a good engineer learns as much from their mistakes as from successes.

A.     Like

B.     As

C.     Their

D.     From

10.  Almost all life depends to chemical reactions with oxygen to produce energy.

A.     Almost all

B.      Depends to

C.     To produce

D.     Energy

11.  If a rash occurs within twenty-four hours after taking a new medication, the treatment should discontinued.

A.     Occurs

B.     After taking

C.     Medication

D.     Should discontinued

12.  When one experiences a change in diet by, for example, moving to a new location, you may also experience temporary problems with the digestive tract.

A.     Experiences

B.     Moving

C.     You

D.     experience

13.  The process of making Egyptian sun-dried mud brick are much the same today as it was in prehistoric times.

A.     Of making

B.      Are much

C.     As it

D.     was

14.  The best way to eliminate a pest is to controlling the food accessible to it.

A.     The best

B.      To controlling

C.     Food accessible

D.     it

15.  The professor told him to write a short but it must be comprehensive paper about the experiment.

A.     Him

B.      It must be

C.     Comprehensive

D.     about

16.  Mumps are a very common disease which usually affects children.

A.     Are

B.     Common disease

C.     Which

D.     usually

17.  The symptoms of diabetes in the early stages are too slight that people don't notice them.

A.     Symptoms

B.     The

C.     Too

D.     Them

18.  We know that in 1000 A.D. Leif Eriksson landed on the North American coast, and that him and his Norwegian companions were the first white men to see the New World.

A.     In 1000 A.D

B.      Him

C.     Were

D.     To see

19.  Hyde Park, the family estate of Franklin D. Roosevelt, sets on top of a bluff overlooking the Hudson River.

A.     Of Franklin D. Roosevelt

B.     Sets

C.     Overlooking

D.     The Hudson River

20.  After he had ran for half a mile, he passed the stick to the next runner.

A.     Had run

B.     For

C.     Passed

D.     The next

Note : the italic word  is correct answers

CHAPTER III

CONCLUTION

            Based on explanation above , TOEFL is an exam required by most US and Canadian university It measures your listening, reading, speaking and writing skills.  
The test is unique in that it asks you to combine more than one language skill. For example, you are asked to read a passage, listen to a short lecture about a topic, and then speak or write in response. This method of testing:

·        Replicates real university and classroom life

·        Confirms you are prepared to begin your academic studies

·        Demonstrates you have the English-language skills to succeed  

TOEFL iBT provides fair, unbiased testing by having multiple raters score your writing and speaking responses. You can view your scores online 15 working days after you test, and receive useful feedback on how to improve your skills even more.